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International Seminar on Biodiversity and Sustainable Development in the Mekong River Basin 19

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework-Community Flood Resilience System (Pal et al., 2021)

Koliou et al., (2020) show that several disciplines, including environmental sciences,
engineering, sociology, psychology, and economics, have addressed community resilience and
understanding of the changing phenomena in flood hazards. However, the same study has also
found that to date, there has not been a comprehensive community resilience model that
incorporates the performance of all physical and socioeconomic components from the moment of
impact through the recovery phase of disasters. Researchers are increasingly considering
community resilience as a key step in reducing flood risk. Yet, despite numerous theoretical
foundations that tackle this concept on various scales, tool development remains a challenge
(Orencio & Fujii, 2013). Rapid urbanization and economic development are pushing the human
settlements into more risk and pushing towards the vulnerability of flood hazards to cause direct
and indirect harm. The potential consequences of flood hazard determine expected damages and
losses and necessitates a risk assessment over time and space. A new methodology for not just
flood but a comprehensive multi-hazard risk assessment includes the development of a model with
parameters, the consideration of an indicator-based pattern of vulnerability assessment that
includes the selection of all relevant indicators, and the presentation of a new classification of
indicators based on comparisons to different hazards and possible triggering effects, among other
elements (Mahmoudzadeh et al., n.d.).

Way Forward: Capacity Development on Resilience in Lower Mekong River Basin

Flooding is the most common natural hazard worldwide, posing a severe threat to humans,
the environment, and the economy (Svetlana et al., 2015). A flood early warning system is a set
of procedures designed to protect human lives and minimize potential flood-related damage. It
consists of a number of interconnected and interdependent parts: Forecasting, transforming the
forecast into a warning, communicating the warning to local decision-makers, and transforming
the warning into corrective action (Le et al., 2007). However, in recent decades, more attention
has been paid to the effects of floods and the measures that could be developed to mitigate the

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